생강차

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses represent the uppermost ladders in the hierarchy of evidence. Systematic reviews/meta-analyses suggest preliminary or satisfactory clinical evidence for agnus castus (Vitex agnus castus) for premenstrual complaints, flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) for hypertension, feverfew (Tanacetum partenium) for migraine prevention, ginger (Zingiber officinalis) for pregnancy-induced nausea, ginseng (Panax ginseng) for improving fasting glucose levels as well as phytoestrogens and St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) for the relief of some symptoms in menopause. However, firm conclusions of efficacy cannot be generally drawn. On the other hand, inconclusive evidence of efficacy or contradictory results have been reported for Aloe vera in the treatment of psoriasis, cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in cystitis prevention, ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) for tinnitus and intermittent claudication, echinacea (Echinacea spp.) for the prevention of common cold and pomegranate (Punica granatum) for the prevention/treatment of cardiovascular diseases. A critical evaluation of the clinical data regarding the adverse effects has shown that herbal remedies are generally better tolerated than synthetic medications. Nevertheless, potentially serious adverse events, including herb-drug interactions, have been described. This suggests the need to be vigilant when using herbal remedies, particularly in specific conditions, such as during pregnancy and in the paediatric population. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of steamed ginger extract (GGE03) in subjects with mild knee osteoarthritis (OA). In total, 100 subjects were randomly assigned (1 : 1) to the GGE03 (0.48 g day-1 as GGE03) or placebo (0 g day-1 as GGE03) group and administered 1.6 g of the product for 12 weeks. Biomarkers were measured before and after intervention. At the efficacy endpoint, pain visual analog scale (VAS) Korean-Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (K-WOMAC; total scores, sub-scores) and patient global assessment (PGA) were found to be decreased in a statistically significantly manner in the GGE03 group compared to the placebo group. No significant changes were observed in any safety endpoint. These results suggest that GGE03 intake is useful as a functional food because it has beneficial effects in terms of improving joint pain as well as managing or preventing knee OA without side effects.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to pose substantial clinical challenges owing to the limited response and emergent resistance to standard chemotherapeutic regimens, including FOLFOX. The present investigation explored the antitumor efficacy of JI-CJ002, a standardized herbal formula consisting of Angelica gigas, Aconitum carmichaeli, and Zingiber officinale (2:1:3 ratio), and its combined effects with FOLFOX in in vitro settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cytotoxic activities were assessed in HT29 and HCT116 human colorectal cancer cell lines by conducting MTT assays, Annexin V/7-AAD staining, and western blotting. Network pharmacology techniques were employed to identify common targets among JI-CJ002, FOLFOX, and CRC-associated gene profiles. RESULTS: JI-CJ002 exhibited broad-spectrum cytotoxicity that was both time- and dose-dependent in HT29 and HCT116 cell lines. Network analysis identified 89 common targets predominantly involved in DNA repair, apoptosis, and chemoresistance pathways. The combination treatment led to a significant, synergistic reduction in cell viability and elevated apoptotic markers, including Annexin V/7-AAD positivity and cleaved PARP. Mechanistically, co-treatment inhibited ATM, ATR, p-CHK1, p-CHK2, p-Cdc2, and p-p53, while sustaining γ-H2AX accumulation, signifying persistent DNA damage and inadequate activation of cell cycle arrest checkpoints. Immunofluorescence revealed a further increase in γ-H2AX nuclear foci. CONCLUSION: JI-CJ002 augments the therapeutic effect of FOLFOX by suppressing DNA damage response and inducing aberrant cell cycle progression, thereby supporting its development as a chemo-sensitizing agent for colorectal cancer therapy.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus and hypertension often occur together, amplifying cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and emphasizing the need for a multitargeted treatment approach. American ginseng (AG) and Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) species could improve glycemic control via complementary mechanisms. Additionally, a KRG-inherent component, ginsenoside Rg3, may moderate blood pressure (BP). Our objective was to investigate the therapeutic potential of coadministration of Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng (Rg3-KRG) and AG, added to standard of care therapy, in the management of hypertension and cardiometabolic risk factors in type-2 diabetes. METHODS: Within a randomized controlled, parallel design of 80 participants with type-2 diabetes (HbA1c: 6.5-8%) and hypertension (systolic BP: 140-160 mmHg or treated), supplementation with either 2.25 g/day of combined Rg3-KRG + AG or wheat-bran control was assessed over a 12-wk intervention period. The primary endpoint was ambulatory 24-h systolic BP. Additional endpoints included further hemodynamic assessment, glycemic control, plasma lipids and safety monitoring. RESULTS: Combined ginseng intervention generated a mean ± SE decrease in primary endpoint of 24-h systolic BP (-3.98 ± 2.0 mmHg, p = 0.04). Additionally, there was a greater reduction in HbA1c (-0.35 ± 0.1% [-3.8 ± 1.1 mmol/mol], p = 0.02), and change in blood lipids: total cholesterol (-0.50 ± 0.2 mmol/l, p = 0.01), non-HDL-C (-0.54 ± 0.2 mmol/l, p = 0.01), triglycerides (-0.40 ± 0.2 mmol/l, p = 0.02) and LDL-C (-0.35 ± 0.2 mmol/l, p = 0.06) at 12 wks, relative to control. No adverse safety outcomes were observed. CONCLUSION: Coadministration of Rg3-KRG + AG is an effective addon for improving BP along with attaining favorable cardiometabolic outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Ginseng derivatives may offer clinical utility when included in the polypharmacy and lifestyle treatment of diabetes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier, NCT01578837. © 2020 The Korean Society of Ginseng, Published by Elsevier Korea LLC.

OBJECTIVE: There has been no attempt to date to synthesize the available evidence for the efficacy of ginger for treating primary dysmenorrhea. This systematic review evaluates the current evidence for the effectiveness of ginger for treating primary dysmenorrhea. METHODS: Literature searches were conducted using 12 electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Korean databases, Chinese medical databases, and Indian scientific database. Search terms used were: "ginger" or "Zingiber officinale" and "dysmenorrhea" and "pain." Studies using ginger as a treatment of primary dysmenorrhea were considered for inclusion. The major outcome of primary dysmenorrhea was assessed using a pain visual analogue score (PVAS). RESULTS: Initial searches yielded 29 articles. Of these original results, seven met specific selection criteria. Four of the RCTs compared the therapeutic efficacy of ginger with a placebo during the first 3-4 days of the menstrual cycle and were included in the meta analysis. The meta-analysis of these data showed a significant effect of ginger in reducing PVAS in subjects having primary dysmenorrhea (risk ratio, -1.85; 95% CI of -2.87, -0.84, P = 0.0003). Six RCTs out of 7 exhibited low to moderate of risk of bias. CONCLUSION: Collectively these RCTs provide suggestive evidence for the effectiveness of 750-2000 mg ginger powder during the first 3-4 days of menstrual cycle for primary dysmenorrhea. Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PURPOSE: Among cancer patients, cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is one of the most common symptoms and adversely affects physical ability and quality of life even several years after treatment. This study aims to evaluate the current evidence for moxibustion in patients with CRF. METHODS: Eighteen databases were searched from their inception to April 2013. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of moxibustion for treating CRF without language restriction were considered for inclusion. The risk of bias and reporting quality of each study were assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool, Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT), and Revised Standards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture (STRICTA). Risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD) was used to measure the treatment effect with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) in a random effects model. RESULTS: Four RCTs with a total of 374 subjects were included for the review. These four studies compared moxibustion plus routine care with routine care alone. Most studies were determined to have a moderate to high risk of bias with low reporting quality. An indirect moxa stick was used in two studies, an indirect ginger cake-separated moxa was used in one study, and in one remaining study, both moxibustion methods were used. Meta-analysis showed the favorable effects of moxibustion on the response rate (RR, 1.73; 95 % CI, 1.29 to 2.32; p=.0003; heterogeneity, I (2)=15 %, p=.32). Burning with a mild blister after moxibustion was reported in one study. CONCLUSIONS: Because of a high risk of bias and low reporting quality of the studies included in this review, it is difficult to draw the conclusion that moxibustion is an effective and safe treatment for patients with CRF. Further rigorous research will be necessary to evaluate whether moxibustion has beneficial effects on CRF. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO. Unique identifier: CRD42013004501.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world, with breast cancer being the most prevalent cancer. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is one of the most serious side effects of chemotherapy. Because the current CINV treatment option has several flaws, alternative treatment options are required. Ginger has traditionally been used to treat nausea and vomiting, and it also has anticancer properties in breast cancer cells. Based on these findings, researchers investigated whether using ginger to treat CINV in breast cancer patients is both effective and safe. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, and Wanfang from inception to June 2022. Outcomes included Rhodes Index Scores of Nausea, Vomiting, and Retching, severity and frequency of CINV. Five RCTs were included. We pooled all included data and performed subgroup analysis by types of CINV. Overall, authors found that ginger was associated with a reduction in CINV. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis revealed that managing severity of acute CINV in breast cancer patients with ginger was efficient. In terms of managing delayed CINV in breast cancer patients, ginger was also statistically significant. The authors concluded that ginger may be helpful in lowering both acute and delayed CINV in breast cancer patients. Since there were no serious side effects, ginger is thought to be safe.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of ginger as an antiemetic modality for the control of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). DATA SOURCES: Databases searched included MEDLINE® (PubMed), Embase, CINAHL®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Korean Studies Information Service System, Research Information Sharing Service by the Korean Education and Research Information Service, and Dissertation Central. DATA SYNTHESIS: A systematic review was conducted of five randomized, controlled trials involving 872 patients with cancer. Ginger was compared with placebo or metoclopramide. The participant characteristics, chemotherapy regimen and antiemetic control, ginger preparation and protocol, measurements, results of the studies, adherence to the treatment protocol, and side effects were reviewed systematically. The incidence and severity of acute and delayed CINV were subject to meta-analysis. The incidence of acute nausea (p = 0.67), incidence of acute vomiting (p = 0.37), and severity of acute nausea (p = 0.12) did not differ significantly between the ginger and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence does not support the use of ginger for the control of CINV. Ginger did not contribute to control of the incidence of acute nausea and vomiting or of the severity of acute nausea. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Ginger has long been regarded as a traditional antiemetic modality, but its effectiveness remains to be established. The findings of this study could be incorporated into clinical guidelines, such as the Oncology Nursing Society's Putting Evidence Into Practice resources. Current evidence supports the need for more methodologically rigorous studies in this area. KNOWLEDGE TRANSLATION: Although ginger is known as a traditional antiemetic, current evidence does not support the effect of ginger in CINV control. The findings of this study inform healthcare providers that its effectiveness remains to be established from methodologically rigorous future trials.

OBJECTIVE: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial assessed the efficacy and safety of steamed ginger extract (GGE03), standardized to high levels of 1-dehydro-6-gingerdione (GD), in reducing body fat and weight among overweight individuals. METHODS: Eighty adults aged 18 to 60 years, with a body mass index (BMI) of 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2, were randomly assigned to receive either GGE03 (n = 40; 480 mg/day) or a placebo (n = 40) for 12 weeks. Efficacy and safety parameters were evaluated at baseline and after the intervention period. RESULTS: After 12 weeks, the GGE03 group showed statistically significant reductions in body fat percentage and body fat mass compared to the placebo group, as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Additionally, significant decreases in body weight, BMI, waist circumference, and hip circumference were observed following GGE03 supplementation. Serum triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels were also significantly lower in the GGE03 group compared to the placebo group. No product-related adverse events or clinically significant laboratory abnormalities were noted, indicating that GGE03 was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Twelve weeks of GGE03 supplementation were associated with statistically significant improvements in body composition and lipid parameters without safety concerns. These findings support the potential of GD-standardized GGE03 as a well-tolerated functional dietary ingredient for body fat management and metabolic health.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the most widely used plant extracts and has been associated with improvements in biomarkers relevant to cardiovascular disease. Given the global burden of cardiovascular disease, this systematic review of randomized controlled trials aimed to evaluate the effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) supplementation on biomarkers of cardiovascular disease. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and Google Scholar was performed up to January 2025 to identify eligible RCTs evaluating ginger supplementation. Outcomes included lipid profile, glycemic markers, blood pressure, inflammatory indicators, and liver enzymes. Data were pooled using weighted mean differences (WMDs). Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were conducted. Forty-one RCTs were included. Ginger supplementation was effective in improving FBS (WMD = -12.79 mg/dL; 95% CI = -18.57), insulin (WMD = -1.33 µIU/ml; 95% CI = -1.94, -0.71), HOMA-IR (WMD = -0.51; 95% CI = -0.68, -0.33), HbA1c (WMD = -0.68%; 95% CI = -1.00, -0.36), TG (WMD = -11.98 mg/dL; 95% CI = -23.27, -0.69), LDL (WMD = -4.55 mg/dL; 95% CI = -8.43, -0.68), HDL (WMD = 0.80 mg/dL; 95% CI = 0.01, 1.59), SBP (WMD = -2.72 mmHg; 95% CI = -5.25, -0.19), and ICAM-1 (WMD = -20.26 ng/ml; 95% CI = -40.49, -0.03). Ginger supplementation was not effective on the remaining outcomes. Ginger supplementation may improve several biomarkers of cardiovascular disease, with stronger effects in unhealthy individuals. Further studies are required to establish a clear cutoff for optimal dosage and intervention duration.